O460 ORDINANCE NO. 460
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF KENNEDALE AMENDING ORDINANCE
NO. 417, SECTION 9, ADOPTING THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE;
PROVIDING FOR THE ADOPTION AND INCORPORATION OF APPENDICES
B THROUGH G OF THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE; PROVIDING
FOR RECORDING OF THE CODE AS A PUBLIC RECORD; PROVIDING FOR
THE ISSUANCE OF PERMITS AND COLLECTION OF FEES THEREFOR;
PROVIDING THAT THIS ORDINANCE SHALL BE CUMULATIVE OF ALL
ORDINANCES; PROVIDING A SEVERABILITY CLAUSE; PROVIDING FOR A
PENALTY FOR VIOLATIONS; PROVIDING A SAVINGS CLAUSE;
PROVIDING FOR PUBLICATION IN PAMPHLET FORM; PROVIDING FOR
PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER; AND PROVIDING AN
EFFECTIVE DATE.
WHEREAS, the City of Kennedale is a home rule city acting under its charter adopted by the
electorate pursuant to Article XI, Section 5 of the Texas Constitution and Chapter 9 of the
Local Government Code; and
WHEREAS, the City Council of the City of Kennedale adopted the 2006 Edition of the
International Fire Code; and
WHEREAS, the City Council now desires to adopt specific appendices to the 2006 Edition of
the International Fire Code.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
KENNEDALE, TEXAS:
SECTION 1.
ADOPTION OF APPENDICES B THROUGH G
TO THE 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE
The 2006 Edition of the International Fire Code, as adopted, is hereby amended by adoption
of those local Appendices B through G shown on Exhibit "A" attached hereto.
Page 1 of 4
SECTION 2.
MAINTENANCE OF CODES AS PUBLIC RECORDS
The material contained in Exhibit "A" to this ordinance, although fully adopted and
incorporated by reference, shall not be included in the formal municipal codification of
ordinances. The material contained in Exhibit "A" shall instead by maintained as a public
record in the office of the City Secretary, Building Official, Fire Marshal, and Library. These
exhibits will be available for public inspection and copying during regular business hours. The
purpose of maintaining these records separate and apart from the municipal codification is to
avoid the inclusion of detailed technical construction materials, subject to frequent change,
which would unreasonably lengthen the code.
SECTION 3.
ADDITIONAL LOCAL AMENDMENTS CONTEMPLATED
The City of Kennedale may from time to time determine that additional local modifications to
the 2006 Edition of the International Fire Code are necessary and appropriate to meet the
unique building needs of the City of Kennedale. To effectuate modifications, the city council
may enact individual ordinances amending this ordinance fully setting forth the change to be
made in the specific code. Such subsequent amendments shall be consolidated as an exhibit
to this ordinance, and shall be maintained as a public record in the office of the city secretary.
SECTION 4.
PERMITS AND FEES
The codes adopted herein provide for the issuance of certain permits and the collection of fees
therefore. The fees shall be established by the City's schedule of fees.
SECTION 5.
PROVISIONS CUMULATIVE BUT CONFLICTING ORDINANCES REPEALED
This Ordinance shall be cumulative of all provisions of all existing ordinances and of the Code
of Ordinances of the City of Kennedale, Texas, as amended, except where the provisions of
this ordinance are in direct conflict with the provisions of such existing ordinances and code, in
which event the conflicting provisions of such ordinances and Code are hereby repealed.
SECTION 6.
PROVISIONS SEVERABLE
It is hereby declared to be the intention of the City Council that the phrases, clauses,
sentences, paragraphs and sections of this Ordinance are severable, and if any phrase,
Page 2 of 4
clause, sentence, paragraph or section of this Ordinance shall be declared unconstitutional by
the valid judgment or decree of any court of competent jurisdiction, such unconstitutionality
shall not affect any of the remaining, phrase, clauses, sentences, paragraphs or sections of
this Ordinance since the same would have been enacted by the City Council without
incorporation in this Ordinance of any such unconstitutional phrase, clause, sentence,
paragraph or section.
SECTION 7.
PENALTY
Any person, firm or corporation who violates, disobeys, omits, neglects or refuses to comply
with or who resists the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Ordinance shall be fined no
more than Two Thousand Dollars and no cents ($2,000.00) for all violations involving zoning,
fire safety or public health and sanitation, including dumping or refuse, and shall be fined not
more than Five Hundred Dollars and no cents ($500.00) for all other violations of this
Ordinance. Each day that a violation is permitted to exist shall constitute a separate offense.
SECTION 8.
PREVIOUSLY ACCRUING RIGHTS AND REMEDIES SAVED
All rights and remedies of the City of Kennedale, Texas, are expressly saved as to any and all
violations of the provisions of the Building Code, Residential Code, Electrical Code, Energy
Code, Fuel Gas Code, Mechanical Code, Plumbing Code, Existing Building Code, Property
Maintenance Code, or any other ordinances affecting such codes which have accrued at the
time of the effective date of this Ordinance; and, as to such accrued violations and all pending
litigation, both civil and criminal, whether pending in court or not, under such ordinances same
shall not be affected by this Ordinance but may be prosecuted until final disposition by the
courts.
SECTION 9.
PUBLICATION
The City Secretary of the City of Kennedale is hereby directed to publish in the official
newspaper of the City of Kennedale, the caption, penalty clause, publication clause, and
effective date clause of this ordinance in accordance with Section 52.013(b) of the Local
Government Code.
SECTION 10.
PUBLICATION IN PAMPHLET FORM
The City Secretary of the City of Kennedale is hereby authorized to publish this ordinance in
book or pamphlet form for general distribution among the public, and the operative provisions
of this ordinance as so published shall be admissible in evidence in all courts without further
proof than the production thereof.
Page 3 of 4
SECTION 11.
EFFECTIVE DATE
This Ordinance shall be in full force and effect form and after its passage and publication as
provided by law, and it is so ordained.
PASSED AND APPROVED ON THIS 12 DAY OF AUGUST 2010.
•� f KE '
N APPROVED:
.• ;(0:-..,
4 '• 1 ?).1ya" ii{,/fAkitelic7r
MAYOR, BRYAN LANKHORST
o r
KATHY TT 0 RIER, CITY SECRETARY
APPROVED TOAS TO FORM:
0- 01---1/4...--
WAYNE K. OLSON, CITY ATTORNEY
Page 4 of 4
APPENDIX B
FIRE -FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS
The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.
SECTION B101 B1043 Type IA and Type IB construction. The fire - flow cal -
GENERAL culation area of buildings constructed of Type IA and Type IB
construction shall be the area of the three largest successive
B101.1 Scope. The procedure for determining fire -flow floors.
requirements for buildings or portions of buildings hereafter
constructed shall be in accordance with this appendix. This Exception: Fire -flow calculation area for open parking
appendix does not apply to structures other than buildings. garages shall be determined by the area of the largest floor.
SECTION B102
DEFINITIONS
B102.1 Definitions. For the purpose of this appendix, certain SECTION B105
terms are defined as follows: FIRE - FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS
FIRE - FLOW. The flow rate of a water supply, measured at 20 B105.1 One and two - family dwellings. The minimum
pounds per square inch (psi) (138 kPa) residual pressure, that is fire -flow requirements for one- and two - family dwellings hav-
available for fire fighting. ing a fire -flow calculation area which does not exceed 3,600
FIRE - FLOW CALCULATION AREA. The floor area, in square feet (344.5 m shall be 1,000 gallons per minute
square feet (m used to determine the required fire flow. (3785.4 L /min). Fire -flow and flow duration for dwellings hav-
s
q ing a fire -flow calculation area in excess of 3,600 square feet
(344.5 m shall not be less than that specified in Table B105.1.
SECTION B103 Exception: A reduction in required fire flow of 50 percent,
MODIFICATIONS as approved, is allowed when the building is provided with
B103.1 Decreases. The fire chief is authorized to reduce the an approved automatic sprinkler system.
fire -flow requirements for isolated buildings or a group of
buildings in rural areas or small communities where the devel- B105.2 Buildings other than one and two - family dwellings.
i
opment of full fire -flow requirements is impractical. The minimum and flow duration for buildings other
fire-flow g
B103.2 Increases. The fire chief is authorized to increase the than one- and two-family dwellings shall be as specified in
fire -flow requirements where conditions indicate an unusual Table B105.1.
susceptibility to group fires or conflagrations. An increase Exception: A reduction in required fire -flow of up to 75
shall not be more than twice that required for the building under percent, as approved, is allowed when the building is pro
consideration. vided with an approved automatic sprinkler system installed
B103.3 Areas without water supply systems. For informa- in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. The
tion regarding water supplies for fire - fighting purposes in rural resulting fire -flow shall not be less than 1,500 gallons per
and suburban areas in which adequate and reliable water sup - minute (5678 L/min) for the prescribed duration as speci-
ply systems do not exist, the fire code official is authorized to fied in Table B105.1.
utilize NFPA 1142 or the International Wildland -Urban Inter-
face Code.
SECTION B104 SECTION B106
FIRE -FLOW CALCULATION AREA REFERENCED STANDARDS
B104.1 General. The fire -flow calculation area shall be the ICC IBC International Building Code B104.2,
total floor area of all floor levels within the exterior walls, and Table B105.1
under the horizontal projections of the roof of a building, ICC IWUIC International Wildland- B103.3
except as modified in Section B104.3. Urban Interface Code
B104.2 Area separation. Portions of buildings which are sep- NFPA 1142 Standard on Water Supplies for B103.3
arated by fire walls without openings, constructed in accor- Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting
dance with the International Building Code, are allowed to be
considered as separate fire -flow calculation areas.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 393
APPENDIX B
TABLE 8105.1
MINIMUM REQUIRED FIRE -FLOW AND FLOW DURATION FOR BUILDINGS'
FIRE -FLOW CALCULATION AREA (square feet)
FIRE -FLOW FLOW DURATION
Type IA and IB Type IIA and IllA Type IV and V -A Type IIB and IIIB Type V -B (gallons per minute) (hours)
0- 22,700 0- 12,700 0 -8,200 0 -5,900 0 -3,600 1,500
22,701- 30,200 12,701- 17,000 8,201- 10,900 5,901 -7,900 3,601 -4,800 1,750
30,201- 38,700 17,001- 21,800 10,901 - 12,900 7,901 -9,800 4,801 -6,200 2,000
2
38,701- 48,300 21,801- 24,200 12,901 - 17,400 9,801 - 12,600 6,201 -7,700 2,250
48,301 - 59,000 24,201- 33,200 17,401- 21,300 12,601- 15,400 7,701 -9,400 2,500
59,001- 70,900 33,201- 39,700 21,301- 25,500 15,401- 18,400 9,401 - 11,300 2,750
70,901- 83,700 39,701 - 47,100 25,501- 30,100 18,401- 21,800 11,301- 13,400 3,000
83,701- 97,700 47,101 - 54,900 30,101- 35,200 21,801 - 25,900 13,401 - 15,600 3,250
3
97,701 - 112,700 54,901- 63,400 35,201- 40,600 25,901- 29,300 15,601- 18,000 3,500
112,701- 128,700 63,401- 72,400 40,601- 46,400 29,301 - 33,500 18,001- 20,600 3,750
128,701 - 145,900 72,401- 82,100 46,401 - 52,500 33,501- 37,900 20,601- 23,300 4,000
145,901- 164,200 82,101- 92,400 52,501 - 59,100 37,901- 42,700 23,301- 26,300 4,250
164,201 - 183,400 92,401 - 103,100 59,101- 66,000 42,701- 47,700 26,301- 29,300 4,500
183,401- 203,700 103,101- 114,600 66,001- 73,300 47,701 - 53,000 29,301- 32,600 4,750
203,701 - 225,200 114,601- 126,700 73,301- 81,100 53,001 - 58,600 32,601 - 36,000 5,000
225,201- 247,700 126,701- 139,400 81,101- 89,200 58,601- 65,400 36,001- 39,600 5,250
247,701 - 271,200 139,401- 152,600 89,201- 97,700 65,401- 70,600 39,601- 43,400 5,500
271,201- 295,900 152,601 - 166,500 97,701 - 106,500 70,601- 77,000 43,401- 47,400 5,750
295,901- Greater 166,501- Greater 106,501- 115,800 77,001- 83,700 47,401 - 51,500 6,000 4
115,801- 125,500 83,701- 90,600 51,501- 55,700 6,250
125,501- 135,500 90,601- 97,900 55,701- 60,200 6,500
135,501- 145,800 97,901- 106,800 60,201 - 64,800 6,750
145,801- 156,700 106,801 - 113,200 64,801- 69,600 7,000
156,701- 167,900 113,201- 121,300 69,601- 74,600 7,250
167,901- 179,400 121,301 - 129,600 74,601- 79,800 7,500
179,401- 191,400 129,601 - 138,300 79,801- 85,100 7,750
- - 191,401- Greater 138,301- Greater 85,101- Greater 8,000
For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 Um, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa.
a. The minimum required fire flow shall be allowed to be reduced by 25 percent for Group R.
b. Types of construction are based on the International Building Code.
c. Measured at 20 psi.
394 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
APPENDIX C
FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION
The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.
SECTION C101 SECTION C104
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF EXISTING FIRE HYDRANTS
C101.1 Scope. Fire hydrants shall be provided in accordance C104.1 Existing fire hydrants. Existing fire hydrants on pub -
with this appendix for the protection of buildings, or portions lic streets are allowed to be considered as available. Existing
of buildings, hereafter constructed. fire hydrants on adjacent properties shall not be considered
available unless fire apparatus access roads extend between
properties and easements are established to prevent obstruction
SECTION C102 of such roads.
LOCATION
C102.1 Fire hydrant locations. Fire hydrants shall be pro-
vided along required fire apparatus access roads and adjacent
public streets. SECTION C105
DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE HYDRANTS
SECTION C103 C105.1 Hydrant spacing. The average spacing between fire
NUMBER OF FIRE HYDRANTS hydrants shall not exceed that listed in Table C105.1.
C103.1 Fire hydrants available. The minimum number of fire Exception: The fire chief is authorized to accept a defi-
hydrants available to a building shall not be less than that listed ciency of up to 10 percent where existing fire hydrants pro -
in Table C105.1. The number of fire hydrants available to a vide all or a portion of the required fire hydrant service.
complex or subdivision shall not be less than that determined
by spacing requirements listed in Table C105.1 when applied Regardless of the average spacing, fire hydrants shall be
to fire apparatus access roads and perimeter public streets from located such that all points on streets and access roads adjacent
which fire operations could be conducted. to a building are within the distances listed in Table C105.1.
TABLE C105.1
NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE HYDRANTS
AVERAGE SPACING MAXIMUM DISTANCE FROM
FIRE -FLOW REQUIREMENT MINIMUM NUMBER BETWEEN HYDRANTSa' b. c ANY POINT ON STREET OR ROAD
(gpm) OF HYDRANTS (feet) FRONTAGE TO A HYDRANT
1,750 or less 1 500 250
2,000 -2,250 2 450 225
2,500 3 450 225
3,000 3 400 225
3,500 -4,000 4 350 210
4,500 -5,000 5 300 180
5,500 6 300 180
6,000 6 250 150
6,500 -7,000 7 250 150
7,500 or more 8 or more 200 120
For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 IJm.
a. Reduce by 100 feet for dead -end streets or roads.
b. Where streets are provided with median dividers which can be crossed by fire fighters pulling hose lines, or where arterial streets are provided with four or more
traffic lanes and have a traffic count of more than 30,000 vehicles per day, hydrant spacing shall average 500 feet on each side of the street and be arranged on an
alternating basis up to a fire -flow requirement of 7,000 gallons per minute and 400 feet for higher fire -flow requirements.
c. Where new water mains are extended along streets where hydrants are not needed for protection of structures or similar fire problems, fire hydrants shall be pro-
vided at spacing not to exceed 1,000 feet to provide for transportation hazards.
d. Reduce by 50 feet for dead -end streets or roads.
e. One hydrant for each 1,000 gallons per minute or fraction thereof.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 395
APPENDIX D
FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS
The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.
SECTION D101 D103.3 Turning radius. The minimum turning radius shall be
GENERAL determined by the fire code official.
D101.1 Scope. Fire apparatus access roads shall be in accor- D103.4 Dead ends. Dead -end fire apparatus access roads in
dance with this appendix and all other applicable requirements excess of 150 feet (45 720 mm) shall be provided with width
of the International Fire Code. and turnaround provisions in accordance with Table D103.4.
TABLE D103.4
SECTION D102 REQUIREMENTS FOR DEAD -END FIRE
REQUIRED ACCESS APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS
D102.1 Access and loading. Facilities, buildings or portions LENGTH WIDTH
g g p (feet) (feet) TURNAROUNDS REQUIRED
of buildings hereafter constructed shall be accessible to fire
department apparatus by way of an approved fire apparatus 0 -150 20 None required
access road with an asphalt, concrete or other approved driving
surface capable of supporting the imposed load of fire appara 120 foot Hammerhead, 60 foot "Y" or
tus weighing at least 75,000 pounds (34 050 kg). 151 -500 20 96- foot - diameter cul -de -sac in
accordance with Figure D103.1
120 -foot Hammerhead, 60 -foot "Y" or
SECTION D103 501 -750 26 96- foot - diameter cul -de -sac in
MINIMUM SPECIFICATIONS accordance with Figure D103.1
D103.1 Access road width with a hydrant. Where a fire Over 750 Special approval required
hydrant is located on a fire apparatus access road, the minimum
road width shall be 26 feet (7925 mm). See Figure D103.1. For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
D103.2 Grade. Fire apparatus access roads shall not exceed 10 D103.5 Fire apparatus access road gates. Gates securing the
percent in grade. fire apparatus access roads shall comply with all of the follow -
Exception: Grades steeper than 10 percent as approved by ing criteria:
the fire chief. 1. The minimum gate width shall be 20 feet (6096 mm).
.0 � 20'
96' J
'26' R 26'
28' R TYP.'
20
TYP.'
20' I 20'
26'
96' DIAMETER 60' "Y" MINIMUM CLEARANCE
CUL -DE -SAC AROUND A FIRE
HYDRANT
60'1 >h h60' NP
20'3 70'
28' R
TYP.' 20'-
26' 20'
120' HAMMERHEAD ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVE
TO 120' HAMMERHEAD
For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
FIGURE D103.1
DEAD -END FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROAD TURNAROUND
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 397
APPENDIX D
2. Gates shall be of the swinging or sliding type. D104.2 Buildings exceeding 62,000 square feet in area.
3. Construction of gates shall be of materials that allow Buildings or facilities having a gross building area of more than
manual operation by one person. 62,000 square feet (5760 m shall be provided with two sepa-
rate and approved fire apparatus access roads.
4. Gate components shall be maintained in an operative
condition at all times and replaced or repaired when Exception: Projects having a gross building area of up to
defective. 124,000 square feet (11 520 m that have a single approved
5. Electric gates shall be equipped with a means of opening fire apparatus access road when all buildings are equipped
the gate by fire department personnel for emergency throughout with approved automatic sprinkler systems.
access. Emergency opening devices shall be approved D104.3 Remoteness. Where two access roads are re uired
by the fire code official. q
they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one
6. Manual opening gates shall not be locked with a padlock half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension
or chain and padlock unless they are capable of being of the property or area to be served, measured in a straight line
opened by means of forcible entry tools or when a key between accesses.
box containing the key(s) to the lock is installed at the
gate location.
7. Locking device specifications shall be submitted for
approval by the fire code official. SECTION D105
D103.6 Signs. Where required by the fire code official, fire AERIAL FIRE APPARATUS ACCESS ROADS
apparatus access roads shall be marked with permanent NO D105.1 Where required. Buildings or portions of buildings or
PARKING —FIRE LANE signs complying with Figure facilities exceeding 30 feet (9144 mm) in height above the low -
D103.6. Signs shall have a minimum dimension of 12 inches est level of fire department vehicle access shall be provided
(305 mm) wide by 18 inches (457 mm) high and have red let- with approved fire apparatus access roads capable of accom-
ters on a white reflective background. Signs shall be posted on modating fire department aerial apparatus. Overhead utility
one or both sides of the fire apparatus road as required by Sec- and power lines shall not be located within the aerial fire appa-
tion D103.6.1 or D103.6.2. ratus access roadway.
SIGN TYPE "A" SIGN TYPE "C" SIGN TYPE "D„ D105.2 Width. Fire apparatus access roads shall have a mini-
mum unobstructed width of 26 feet (7925 mm) in the immedi-
NO NO NO ate vicinity of any building or portion of building more than 30
PARKING PARKING PARKING feet (9144 mm) in height.
18 " D105.3 Proximity to building. At least one of the required
FIRE LANE FIRE LANE FIRE LANE I access routes meeting this condition shall be located within a
.1■10. ♦" minimum of 15 feet (4572 mm) and a maximum of 30 feet
(9144 mm) from the building, and shall be positioned parallel
— 12" . = 12" 12" ----I to one entire side of the building.
FIGURE D103.6
FIRE LANE SIGNS SECTION D106
MULTIPLE - FAMILY RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS
D103.6.1 Roads 20 to 26 feet in width. Fire apparatus D106.1 Projects having more than 100 dwelling units. Mul-
access roads 20 to 26 feet wide (6096 to 7925 mm) shall be tiple- family residential projects having more than 100 dwell -
posted on both sides as a fire lane. ing units shall be equipped throughout with two separate and
D103.6.2 Roads more than 26 feet in width. Fire appara- approved fire apparatus access roads.
tus access roads more than 26 feet wide (7925 mm) to 32
feet wide (9754 mm) shall be posted on one side of the road Exception: Projects having up to 200 dwelling units may
as a fire lane. have a single approved fire apparatus access road when all
buildings, including nonresidential occupancies, are
equipped throughout with approved automatic sprinkler
systems installed in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
SECTION D104 903.3.1.2.
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS
D106.2 Projects having more than 200 dwelling units. Mul-
D104.1 Buildings exceeding three stories or 30 feet in tiple - family residential projects having more than 200 dwell-
height. Buildings or facilities exceeding 30 feet (9144 mm) or ing units shall be provided with two separate and approved fire
three stories in height shall have at least three means of fire apparatus access roads regardless of whether they are equipped
apparatus access for each structure. with an approved automatic sprinkler system.
398 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
APPENDIX D
SECTION D107
ONE- OR TWO- FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENTS
D107.1 One- or two - family dwelling residential develop-
ments. Developments of one- or two - family dwellings where
the number of dwelling units exceeds 30 shall be provided with
separate and approved fire apparatus access roads and shall
meet the requirements of Section D104.3.
Exceptions:
1. Where there are more than 30 dwelling units on a sin-
gle public or private fire apparatus access road and all
dwelling units are equipped throughout with an
approved automatic sprinkler system in accordance
with Section 903.3.1.1, 903.3.1.2 or 903.3.1.3.3,
access from two directions shall not be required.
2. The number of dwelling units on a single fire appara-
tus access road shall not be increased unless fire appa-
ratus access roads will connect with future
development, as determined by the fire code official.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 399
APPENDIX E
HAZARD CATEGORIES
This appendix is for information purposes and is not intended for adoption.
SECTION E101 Test methods or guidelines for hazard classification of ener-
GENERAL getic materials used for in- process operations shall be
E101.1 Scope. This appendix provides information, explana- approved by the fire code official. Test methods used shall
tions and examples to illustrate and clarify the hazard catego be DOD, BATF, UN/DOT or other approved criteria. The
ries contained in Chapter 27 of the International Fire Code. results of such testing shall become a portion of the files of
The hazard categories are based upon the DOL 29 CFR. Where the jurisdiction and be included as an independent section of
numerical classifications are included, they are in accordance any Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP)
with nationally recognized standards. required by Section 3305.2.1. Also see Section 104.7.2.
This appendix should not be used as the sole means of haz- Examples of materials in various Divisions are as fol-
ardous materials classification. lows:
1. Division 1.1 (High Explosives). Consists of explo-
SECTION E102 sives that have a mass explosion hazard. A mass
HAZARD CATEGORIES explosion is one which affects almost the entire pile of
material instantaneously. Includes substances that,
E102.1 Physical hazards. Materials classified in this section when tested in accordance with approved methods,
pose a physical hazard. can be caused to detonate by means of a blasting cap
E102.1.1 Explosives and blasting agents. The current when unconfined or will transition from deflagration
UN/DOT classification system recognized by international to a detonation when confined or unconfined. Exam
authorities, the Department of Defense and others classifies pies: dynamite, TNT, nitroglycerine, C-3, HMX,
all explosives as Class 1 materials. They are then divided RDX, encased explosives, military ammunition.
into six separate divisions to indicate their relative hazard. 2. Division 1.2 (Low Explosives). Consists of explo-
There is not a direct correlation between the designations sives that have a projection hazard, but not a mass
used by the old DOT system and those used by the current explosion hazard. Examples: nondetonating encased
system nor is there correlation with the system (high and explosives, military ammunition and the like.
low) established by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and 3. Division 1.3 (Low Explosives). Consists of explo-
Firearms (BATF). Table 3304.3 provides some guidance sives that have a fire hazard and either a minor blast
with regard to the current categories and their relationship to hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not a
the old categories. Some items may appear in more than one mass explosion hazard. The major hazard is radiant
division, depending on factors such as the degree of con- heat or violent burning, or both. Can be deflagrated
finement or separation, by type of packaging, storage con when confined. Examples: smokeless powder, pro
figuration or state of assembly. pellant explosives, display fireworks.
In order to determine the level of hazard presented by 4. Division 1.4. Consists of explosives that pose a minor
explosive materials, testing to establish quantitatively their explosion hazard. The explosive effects are largely
explosive nature is required. There are numerous test meth confined to the package and no projection of frag-
ods that have been used to establish the character of an ments of appreciable size or range is expected. An
explosive material. Standardized tests, required for finished internal fire must not cause virtually instantaneous
goods containing explosives or explosive materials in a explosion of almost the entire contents of the pack -
packaged form suitable for shipment or storage, have been
established by UN/DOT and BATF. However, these tests do age. Examples: squibs (nondetonating igniters),
not consider key elements that should be examined in a explosive actuators, explosive trains (low level deto-
manufacturing situation. In manufacturing operations, the rating cord).
condition and/or the state of a material may vary within the 5. Division 1.5 (Blasting Agents). Consists of very
process. The in- process material classification and classifi- insensitive explosives. This division is comprised of
cation requirements for materials used in the manufacturing substances which have a mass explosion hazard, but
process may be different from the classification of the same are so insensitive that there is very little probability of
material when found in finished goods depending on the initiation or of transition from burning to detonation
stage of the process in which the material is found. A classi- under normal conditions of transport. Materials are
fication methodology must be used that recognizes the haz- not cap sensitive; however, they are mass detonating
ards commensurate with the application to the variable when provided with sufficient input. Examples: oxi-
physical conditions as well as potential variations of physi- dizer and liquid fuel slurry mixtures and gels, ammo -
cal character and type of explosive under consideration. nium nitrate combined with fuel oil.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 401
APPENDIX E
6. Division 1.6. Consists of extremely insensitive arti- 2. Combustible liquids.
cles which do not have a mass explosive hazard. This Class II liquids shall include those having flash
division is comprised of articles which contain only points at or above 100 °F (38 °C) and below 140 °F
extremely insensitive detonating substances and (60 °C).
which demonstrate a negligible probability of acci-
dental initiation or propagation. Although this cate- Class IIIA liquids shall include those having flash
gory of materials has been defined, the primary points at or above 140 °F (60 °C) and below 200 °F
application is currently limited to military uses. (93 °C).
Examples: Low vulnerability military weapons. Class IIIB liquids shall include those liquids hav-
Explosives in each division are assigned a compatibility ing flash points at or above 200 °F (93 °C).
group letter by the Associate Administrator for Hazardous E102.1.4 Flammable solids. Examples include:
Materials Safety (DOT) based on criteria specified by
DOTn 49CFR. Compatibility group letters are used to spec- 1. Organic solids: camphor, cellulose nitrate, naphtha -
ify the controls for the transportation and storage related to lene.
various materials to prevent an increase in hazard that might 2. Inorganic solids: decaborane, lithium amide, phos-
result if certain types of explosives were stored or trans- phorous heptasulfide, phosphorous sesquisulfide,
ported together. Altogether, there are 35 possible classifica- potassium sulfide, anhydrous sodium sulfide, sulfur.
tion codes for explosives, e.g., 1.1A, 1.3C, 1.4S, etc.
3. Combustible metals (except dusts and powders):
E102.1.2 Compressed gases. Examples include: cesium, magnesium, zirconium.
1. Flammable: acetylene, carbon monoxide, ethane, eth- E102.1.5 Combustible dusts and powders. Finely divided
ylene, hydrogen, methane. Ammonia will ignite and solids which may be dispersed in air as a dust cloud: wood
burn although its flammable range is too narrow for it sawdust, plastics, coal, flour, powdered metals (few excep-
to fit the definition of flammable gas. tions).
2. Oxidizing: oxygen, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, chlo- E102.1.6 Combustible fibers. See Section 2902.1.
rine and fluorine. Chlorine and fluorine do not contain
oxygen but reaction with flammables is similar to that E102.1.7 Oxidizers. Examples include:
of oxygen. 1. Gases: oxygen, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, fluorine
3. Corrosive: ammonia, hydrogen chloride, fluorine. and chlorine (reaction with flammables is similar to
4. Highly toxic: arsine, cyanogen, fluorine, germane, that of oxygen).
hydrogen cyanide, nitric oxide, phosphine, hydrogen 2. Liquids: bromine, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid,
selenide, stibine. perchloric acid, sulfuric acid.
5. Toxic: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, 3. Solids: chlorates, chromates, chromic acid, iodine,
phosgene, silicon tetrafluoride. nitrates, nitrites, perchlorates, peroxides.
6. Inert (chemically unreactive): argon, helium, kryp- E102.1.7.1 Examples of liquid and solid oxidizers
ton, neon, nitrogen, xenon. according to hazard.
7. Pyrophoric: diborane, dichloroborane, phosphine, Class 4: ammonium perchlorate (particle size greater
silane. than 15 microns), ammonium permanganate,
8. Unstable (reactive): butadiene (unstabilized), ethyl- guanidine nitrate, hydrogen peroxide solutions more
ene oxide, vinyl chloride. than 91 percent by weight, perchloric acid solutions
more than 72.5 percent by weight, potassium
E102.1.3 Flammable and combustible liquids. Examples superoxide, tetranitromethane.
include:
Class 3: ammonium dichromate, calcium
1. Flammable liquids. hypochlorite (over 50 percent by weight), chloric acid
Class IA liquids shall include those having flash (10 percent maximum concentration), hydrogen per -
points below 73 °F (23 °C) and having a boiling oxide solutions (greater than 52 percent up to 91 per -
point at or below 100 °F (38 °C). cent), mono - (trichloro)- tetra- (monopotassium
Class IB liquids shall include those having flash dichloro) - penta- s- triazinetrione, nitric acid, (fuming
points below 73 °F (23 °C) and having a boiling —more than 86 percent concentration), perchloric
point at or above 100 °F (38 °C). acid solutions (60 percent to 72 percent by weight),
potassium bromate, potassium chlorate, potassium
Class IC liquids shall include those having flash dichloro -s- triazinetrione (potassium dichloro-
points at or above 73 °F (23 °C.) and below 100 °F isocyanurate), sodium bromate, sodium chlorate,
(38 °C). sodium chlorite (over 40 percent by weight) and
402 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE()
. APPENDIX E
sodium dichloro- s- triazinetrione (sodium dichloro- hydroperoxide 90 percent, t -butyl peroxyacetate 75
isocyanurate). percent, t -butyl peroxyisopropylcarbonate 92 per -
Class 2: barium bromate, barium chlorate, barium cent, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 100 percent,
hypochlorite, barium perchlorate, barium permanga di n propyl peroxydicarbonate 98 percent, and
nate, 1- bromo -3- chloro -5, 5- dimethylhydantoin, cal- di n propyl peroxydicarbonate 85 percent.
cium chlorate, calcium chlorite, calcium hypochlorite Class II: acetyl peroxide 25 percent, t -butyl
(50 percent or less by weight), calcium perchlorate, hydroperoxide 70 percent (with DTBP and t -BuOH
calcium permanganate, chromium trioxide (chromic diluents), t -butyl peroxybenzoate 98 percent, t -butyl
acid), copper chlorate, halane (1, 3- dichloro -5, peroxy -2- ethylhexanoate 97 percent, t -butyl
5- dimethylhydantoin), hydrogen peroxide (greater peroxyisobutyrate 75 percent, t -butyl
than 27.5 percent up to 52 percent), lead perchlorate, peroxyisopropyl - carbonate 75 percent, t -butyl
lithium chlorate, lithium hypochlorite (more than 39 peroxypivalate 75 percent, dybenzoyl
percent available chlorine), lithium perchlorate, mag- peroxydicarbonate 85 percent, di- sec -butyl
nesium bromate, magnesium chlorate, magnesium peroxydicarbonate 98 percent, di- sec -butyl
perchlorate, mercurous chlorate, nitric acid (more peroxydicarbonate 75 percent,
than 40 percent but less than 86 percent), perchloric 1,1- di- (t- butylperoxy)- 3,5,5 - trimethyecyclohexane
acid solutions (more than 50 percent but less than 60 95 percent, di- (2- ethythexyl) peroxydicarbonate 97
percent), potassium perchlorate, potassium per- percent, 2,5- dymethyl -2 -5 di (benzoylperoxy) hex -
manganate, potassium peroxide, potassium ane 92 percent, and peroxyacetic acid 43 percent.
superoxide, silver peroxide, sodium chlorite (40 per- Class III: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonal peroxide 29
cent or less by weight), sodium perchlorate, sodium percent, benzoyl peroxide 78 percent, benzoyl perox-
perchlorate monohydrate, sodium permanganate, ide paste 55 percent, benzoyl peroxide paste 50 per -
sodium peroxide, strontium chlorate, strontium per- cent peroxide /50 percent butylbenzylphthalate
chlorate, thallium chlorate, trichloro -s- triazinetrione diluent, cumene hydroperoxide 86 percent,
(trichloroisocyanuric acid), urea hydrogen peroxide, di- (4- butylcyclohexyl) peroxydicarbonate 98 per -
zinc bromate, zinc chlorate and zinc permanganate. cent, t -butyl peroxy -2- ethylhexanoate 97 percent,
Class 1: all inorganic nitrates (unless otherwise classi- t -butyl peroxyneodecanoate 75 percent, decanoyl
fied), all inorganic nitrites (unless otherwise classi- peroxide 98.5 percent, di -t -butyl peroxide 99 percent,
fied), ammonium persulfate, barium peroxide, 1,1- di- (t- butylperoxy )3,5,5- trimethylcyclohexane75
calcium peroxide, hydrogen peroxide solutions percent, 2,4- dichlorobenzoyl peroxide 50 percent,
(greater than 8 percent up to 27.5 percent), lead diox- diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate 30 percent,
ide, lithium hypochlorite (39 percent or less available 2,-5-dimethyl-2,5-di-(2- ethylhexanolyperoxy) -hex-
chlorine), lithium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, ane 90 percent, 2, 5- dimethyl- 2,5- di -(t- butylperoxy)
manganese dioxide, nitric acid (40 percent concentra- hexane 90 percent and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9
tion or less), perchloric acid solutions (less than 50 percent active oxygen diluted in dimethyl phthalate.
percent by weight), potassium dichromate, potassium Class IV: benzoyl peroxide 70 percent, benzoyl per -
percarbonate, potassium persulfate, sodium carbon- oxide paste 50 percent peroxide /15 percent water /35
ate peroxide, sodium dichloro -s- triazinetrione percent butylphthalate diluent, benzoyl peroxide
dihydrate, sodium dichromate, sodium perborate slurry 40 percent, benzoyl peroxide powder 35 per -
(anhydrous), sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium cent, t -butyl hydroperoxide 70 percent, (with water
perborate tetrahydrate, sodium percarbonate, sodium diluent), t -butyl peroxy -2- ethylhexanoate 50 percent,
persulfate, strontium peroxide and zinc peroxide. decumyl peroxide 98 percent, di- (2- ethylhexal)
E102.1.8 Organic peroxides. Organic peroxides contain peroxydicarbonate 40 percent, laurel peroxide 98 per -
the double oxygen or peroxy ( -o -o) group. Some are flam- cent, p- methane hydroperoxide 52.5 percent, methyl
mable compounds and subject to explosive decomposition. ethyl ketone peroxide 5.5 percent active oxygen and
They are available as: methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 9 percent active oxygen
1. Liquids. diluted in water and glycols.
2. Pastes. Class V: benzoyl peroxide 35 percent, 1,1 -di -t -butyl
peroxy 3,5,5 - trimethylcyclohexane 40 percent,
3. Solids (usually finely divided powers). 2,5 -di -(t -butyl peroxy) hexane 47 percent and
E102.1.8.1 Classification of organic peroxides 2,4- pentanedione peroxide 4 percent active oxygen.
according to hazard. E102.1.9 Pyrophoric materials.Examples include:
Unclassified: Unclassified organic peroxides are 1. Gases: diborane, phosphine, silane.
capable of detonation and are regulated in accordance 2. Liquids: diethylaluminum chloride, di-
with Chapter 33. ethylberyllium, diethylphosphine, diethylzinc,
Class I: acetyl cyclohexane sulfonyl 60 -65 percent dimethylarsine, triethylaluminum etherate, tri-
concentration by weight, fulfonyl peroxide, benzoyl ethylbismuthine, triethylboron, trimethylaluminum,
peroxide over 98 percent concentration, t -butyl trimethylgallium.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE 403
APPENDIX E
3. Solids: cesium, hafnium, lithium, white or yellow (mercuric bromide), mercury (II) chloride (corrosive
phosphorous, plutonium, potassium, rubidium, mercury chloride), pentachlorophenol, methyl para-
sodium, thorium. thion, phosphorus (white) and sodium azide.
E102.1.10 Unstable (reactive) materials. Examples E102.2.2 Toxic materials. Examples include:
include: 1. Gases: boron trichloride, boron trifluoride, chlorine,
Class 4: acetyl peroxide, dibutyl peroxide, dinitroben- chlorine trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sul-
zene, ethyl nitrate, peroxyacetic acid and picric acid fide, phosgene, silicon tetrafluoride.
(dry) trinitrobenzene. 2. Liquids: acrylonitrile, allyl alcohol,
Class 3: hydrogen peroxide (greater than 52 percent), alpha - chlorotoluene, aniline, 1- chloro-
hydroxylamine, nitromethane, paranitroaniline, 2,3- epoxypropane, chloroformic acid (allyl ester),
perchloric acid and tetrafluoroethylene monomer. 3- chloropropene ( alkyl chloride), o- cresol,
Class 2: acrolein, acrylic acid, hydrazine, methacrylic crotonaldehyde, dibromomethane,
acid, sodium perchlorate, styrene and vinyl acetate. diisopropylamine, diethyl ester sulfuric acid,
dimethyl ester sulfuric acid, 2- furaldehyde ( furfural),
Class 1: acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide 35 percent to 52 furfural alcohol, phosphorus chloride, phosphoryl
percent, paraldehyde and tetrahydrofuran. chloride (phosphorus oxychloride) and thionyl chlo-
E102.1.11 Water- reactive materials. Examples include: ride.
Class 3: aluminum alkyls such as triethylaluminum, 3. Solids: acrylamide, barium chloride, barium (II)
isobutylaluminum and trimethylaluminum; bromine nitrate, benzidine, p- benzoquinone, beryllium chlo-
pentafluoride, bromine trifluoride, ride, cadmium chloride, cadmium oxide, chloroacetic
chlorodiethylaluminium and diethylzinc. acid, chlorophenylmercury (phenyl mercuric chlo-
Class 2: calcium carbide, calcium metal, cyanogen bro- ride), chromium (VI) oxide (chromic acid, solid), 2,4-
mide, lithium hydride, methyldichlorosilane, potassium dinitrotoluene, hydroquinone, mercury chloride (cal
metal, potassium peroxide, sodium metal, sodium perox omel), mercury (II) sulfate (mercuric sulfate),
ide, sulfuric acid and trichlorosilane. osmium tetroxide, oxalic acid, phenol,
P- phenylenediamine, phenylhydrazine,
Class 1: acetic anhydride, sodium hydroxide, sulfur 4- phenylmorpholine, phosphorus sulfide, potassium
monochloride and titanium tetrachloride. fluoride, potassium hydroxide, selenium (IV)
E102.1.12 Cryogenic fluids. The cryogenics listed will disulfide and sodium fluoride.
exist as compressed gases when they are stored at ambient E102.2.3 Corrosives. Examples include:
temperatures. 1. Acids: Examples: chromic, formic, hydrochloric
1. Flammable: carbon monoxide, deuterium (heavy (muriatic) greater than 15 percent, hydrofluoric, nitric
hydrogen), ethylene, hydrogen, methane. (greater than 6 percent, perchloric, sulfuric (4 percent
2. Oxidizing: fluorine, nitric oxide, oxygen. or more).
3. Corrosive: fluorine, nitric oxide. 2. Bases (alkalis): hydroxides — ammonium (greater
4. Inert (chemically unreactive): argon, helium, kryp- than 10 percent), calcium, potassium (greater than 1
ton, neon, nitrogen, xenon. percent), sodium (greater than 1 percent); certain car-
bonates— potassium.
5. Highly toxic: fluorine, nitric oxide. 3. Other corrosives: bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine,
E102.2 Health hazards. Materials classified in this section ammonia.
pose a health hazard. Note: Corrosives that are oxidizers, e.g., nitric acid,
E102.2.1 Highly toxic materials. Examples include: chlorine, fluorine; or are compressed gases, e.g., ammo-
1. Gases: arsine, cyanogen, diborane, fluorine, ger- nia, chlorine, fluorine; or are water - reactive, e.g., con -
mane, hydrogen c cyanide, nitric oxide, nitrogen diox- centrated sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, are physical
y g
ide, ozone, phosphine, hydrogen selenide, stibine. hazards in addition to being health hazards.
2. Liquids: acrolein, acrylic acid, 2- chloroethanol (eth-
ylene chlorohydrin), hydrazine, hydrocyanic acid, SECTION E103
2- methylaziridine (propylenimine), EVALUATION OF HAZARDS
2- methylacetonitrile (acetone cyanohydrin), methyl
ester isocyanic acid (methyl isocyanate), nicotine, E103.1 Degree of hazard. The degree of hazard present
tetranitromethane and tetraethylstannane depends on many variables which should be considered indi-
(tetraethyltin). vidually and in combination. Some of these variables are as
3. Solids: (aceto) phenylmercury (phenyl mercuric ace- shown in Sections E103.1.1 through E103.1.5.
tate), 4- aminopyridine, arsenic pentoxide, arsenic tri- E103.1.1 Chemical properties of the material. Chemical
oxide, calcium cyanide, 2- chloroacetophenone, ro erties of the material determine self reactions and reac-
P P
aflatoxin B, decaborane(14), mercury (II) bromide tions which may occur with other materials. Generally,
404 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
APPENDIX E
materials within subdivisions of hazard categories will LC 50m = [C / LC (Equation E -
exhibit similar chemical properties. However, materials ]
with similar chemical properties may pose very different For multi- component mixtures where more than one
hazards. Each individual material should be researched to component has a listed LC the LC50 of the mixture is
determine its hazardous properties and then considered in estimated by use of the following formula:
relation to other materials that it might contact and the sur-
rounding environment. 1
C 50m – C /L C. / /L
E103.1.2 Physical properties of the material. Physical ( u Sorg) + ( �z so;z) + ( C �n s )
properties, such as whether a material is a solid, liquid or gas (Equation E -2)
at ordinary temperatures and pressures, considered along
with chemical properties will determine requirements for where:
containment of the material. Specific gravity (weight of a
liquid compared to water) and vapor density (weight of a gas LC LC of the mixture in parts per million (ppm).
compared to air) are both physical properties which are C, = concentration of component (i) in decimal per -
important in evaluating the hazards of a material. cent. The concentration of the individual com-
ponents in a mixture of gases is to be expressed
E103.1.3 Amount and concentration of the material. The in terms of percent by volume.
amount of material present and its concentration must be
considered along with physical and chemical properties to LC = LC of component (i). The LC of the compo-
determine the magnitude of the hazard. Hydrogen peroxide, nent is based on a 1 -hour exposure. LC50 data
for example, is used as an antiseptic and a hair bleach in low which are for other than 1-hour exposures shall
concentrations (approximately 8 percent in water solution). be normalized to 1-hour by multiplying the
Over 8 percent, hydrogen peroxide is classed as an oxidizer LC for the time determined by the factor indi
and is toxic. Above 90 percent, it is a Class 4 oxidizer "that Gated in Table E103.1.3.1. The preferred mam-
can undergo an explosive reaction when catalyzed or malian species for LC50 data is the rat, as
exposed to heat, shock or friction," a definition which inci specified in the definitions of toxic and highly
dentally also places hydrogen peroxide over 90- percent toxic in Chapter 2 of the International Fire
concentration in the unstable (reactive) category. Small Code. If data for rats are unavailable, and in the
amounts at high concentrations may present a greater haz absence of information to the contrary, data for
and than large amounts at low concentrations. other species may be utilized. The data shall be
taken in the following order of preference: rat,
E103.1.3.1 Mixtures. Gases —toxic and highly toxic mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, cat, dog, monkey.
gases include those gases which have an LC of 2,000 i = component 1, component 2 and so on to the nth
parts per million (ppm) or less when rats are exposed for component.
a period of 1 hour or less. To maintain consistency with
the definitions for these materials, exposure data for peri- Examples:
ods other than 1 hour must be normalized to 1 hour. To a. What is the LC of a mixture of 15- percent chlorine,
classify mixtures of compressed gases that contain one 85- percent nitrogen?
or more toxic or highly toxic components, the LC of the
mixture must be determined. Mixtures that contain only The 1 -hour (rat) LC of pure chlorine is 293 ppm.
two components are binary mixtures. Those that contain LC50m = 1 / (0.15 / 293) or 1,953 ppm. Therefore, the
more than two components are multi- component mix- mixture is toxic.
tures. When two or more hazardous substances (compo-
nents) having an LC below 2,000 ppm are present in a b. What is the LC of a mixture of 15- percent chlorine,
mixture, their combined effect, rather than that of the 15 percent fluorine and 70- percent nitrogen? The
individual substances (components), must be consid 1-hour (rat) LC of chlorine is 293 ppm. The 1 -hour
ered. In the absence of information to the contrary, the (rat) LC of fluorine is 185 ppm.
effects of the hazards present must be considered as addi- LC = 1 / (0.15 / 293) + (0.15 / 185) or 755 ppm.
tive. Exceptions to the above rule may be made when Therefore the mixture is toxic.
there is a good reason to believe that the principal effects c. Is the mixture of 1 percent phosphine in argon toxic or
of the different harmful substances (components) are not highly toxic? The 1 -hour (rat) LC is 11 ppm.
additive.
LCs0m = 1 / [0.01 / (11 2)] or 2,200 ppm. Therefore
For binary mixtures where the hazardous component the mixture is neither toxic nor highly toxic.
is diluted with a nontoxic gas such as an inert gas, the Note that the 4 -hour LC of 11 ppm was nor -
LC of the mixture is estimated by use of the following malized to 1 -hour by use of Section
formula: E103.1.3.1.
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE 405
APPENDIX E
TABLE E103.1.3.1 8. How does the activity impact the hazardous character -
NORMALIZATION FACTOR istics of the material? Consider vapors released or haz-
TIME (hours) MULTIPLY BY ards otherwise exposed.
0.5 0.7 9. What must the material be protected from? Consider
1.0 1.0 other materials, temperature, shock, pressure, etc.
1.5 1.2 10. What effects of the material must people and the envi-
ronment be protected from?
2.0 1.4
11. How can protection be accomplished? Consider:
3.0 1.7
11.1. Proper containers and equipment.
4.0 2.0
11.2. Separation by distance or construction.
5.0 2.2
11.3. Enclosure in cabinets or rooms.
6.0 2.4
11.4. Spill control, drainage and containment.
7.0 2.6
11.5. Control systems - ventilation, special electri-
8.0 2.8 cal, detection and alarm, extinguishment,
E103.1.4 Actual use, activity or process involving the explosion venting, limit controls, exhaust
scrubbers and excess flow control.
material. The definition of handling, storage and use in
closed systems refers to materials in packages or containers. 11.6. Administrative (operational) controls- signs,
Dispensing and use in open containers or systems describes ignition source control, security, personnel
situations where a material is exposed to ambient conditions training, established procedures, storage plans
or vapors are liberated to the atmosphere. Dispensing and and emergency plans.
use in open systems, then, are generally more hazardous sit- Evaluation of the hazard is a strongly subjec-
uations than handling, storage or use in closed systems. The tive process; therefore, the person charged with
actual use or process may include heating, electric or other this responsibility must gather as much relevant
sparks, catalytic or reactive materials and many other fac- data as possible so that the decision will be
tors which could affect the hazard and must therefore be objective and within the limits prescribed in
thoroughly analyzed. laws, policies and standards.
E103.1.5 Surrounding conditions. Conditions such as It may be necessary to cause the responsible
other materials or processes in the area, type of construction persons in charge to have tests made by support
persons or testing laboratories to support
of the structure, fire protection features (e.g., fire walls, contentions that a particular material or process
sprinkler systems, alarms, etc.), occupancy (use) of adjoin- is or is not hazardous. See Section 104.7.2 of
ing areas, normal temperatures, exposure to weather, etc., the International Fire Code.
must be taken into account in evaluating the hazard.
E103.2 Evaluation questions. The following are sample eval-
uation questions:
1. What is the material? Correct identification is impor-
tant; exact spelling is vital. Check labels, MSDS, ask
responsible persons, etc.
2. What are the concentration and strength?
3. What is the physical form of the material? Liquids,
gases and finely divided solids have differing require-
ments for spill and leak control and containment.
4. How much material is present? Consider in relation to
permit amounts, maximum allowable quantity per con-
trol area (from Group H occupancy requirements),
amounts which require detached storage and overall
magnitude of the hazard.
5. What other materials (including furniture, equipment
and building components) are close enough to interact
with the material?
6. What are the likely reactions?
7. What is the activity involving the material?
406 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
APPENDIX F
HAZARD RANKING
The provisions contained in this appendix are not mandatory unless specifically referenced in the adopting ordinance.
SECTION F101
GENERAL
F101.1 Scope. Assignment of levels of hazards to be applied to
specific hazard classes as required by NFPA 704 shall be in
accordance with this appendix. The appendix is based on appli-
cation of the degrees of hazard as defined in NFPA 704
arranged by hazard class as for specific categories defined in
Chapter 2 of the International Fire Code and used throughout.
F101.2 General. The hazard rankings shown in Table F101.2
have been established by using guidelines found within NFPA
704. As noted in Section 4.2 of NFPA 704, there could be spe-
cific reasons to alter the degree of hazard assigned to a specific
material; for example, ignition temperature, flammable range
or susceptibility of a container to rupture by an internal com-
bustion explosion or to metal failure while under pressure or
because of heat from external fire. As a result, the degree of
hazard assigned for the same material can vary when assessed
by different people of equal competence.
The hazard rankings assigned to each class represent reason-
able minimum hazard levels for a given class based on the use
of criteria established by NFPA 704. Specific cases of use or
storage may dictate the use of higher degrees of hazard in cer-
tain cases.
SECTION F102
REFERENCED STANDARDS
ICC IFC International Fire Code F101.1
NFPA 704 Identification of the F101.1, F101.2
Hazards of Materials for
Emergency Response
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE® 407
APPENDIX F
TABLE F101.2
FIRE FIGHTER WARNING PLACARD DESIGNATIONS BASED ON HAZARD CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES
HAZARD CATEGORY DESIGNATION
Combustible liquid II F2
Combustible liquid IIIA F2
Combustible liquid IIIB Fl
Combustible dust F4
Combustible fiber F3
Cryogenic flammable F4, H3
Cryogenic oxidizing OX, H3
Explosive R4
Flammable solid F2
Flammable gas (gaseous) F4
Flammable gas (liquefied) F4
Flammable liquid IA F4
Flammable liquid IB F3
Flammable liquid IC F3
Organic peroxide, UD R4
Organic peroxide I F4, R3
Organic peroxide II F3, R3
Organic peroxide III F2, R2
Organic peroxide IV Fl, RI
Organic peroxide V Nonhazard
Oxidizing gas (gaseous) OX
Oxidizing gas (liquefied) OX
Oxidizer 4 OX
Oxidizer 3 OX
Oxidizer 2 OX
Pyrophoric gases F4
Pyrophoric solids, liquids F3
Unstable reactive 4D R4
Unstable reactive 3D R4
Unstable reactive 3N R3
Unstable reactive 2 R2
Water reactive 3 W, R3
Water reactive 2 W, R2
Corrosive H3, COR
Toxic H3
Highly toxic H4
F— Flammable category. COR— Corrosive.
R— Reactive category. UD— Unclassified detonable material.
H— Health category. 4D—Class 4 detonable material.
W— Special hazard: water reactive. 3D —Class 3 detonable material.
OX— Special hazard: oxidizing properties. 3N —Class 3 nondetonable material.
408 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®
APPENDIX G
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS - WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS
This appendix is for information purposes and is not intended for adoption.
SECTION G101
GENERAL
G101.1 Scope. This appendix is used to convert from liquid to
gas for cryogenic fluids.
G101.2 Conversion. Table G101.2 shall be used to determine
the equivalent amounts of cryogenic fluids in either the liquid
or gas phase.
G101.2.1 Use of the table. To use Table G101.2, read hori-
zontally across the line of interest. For example, to deter-
mine the number of cubic feet of gas contained in 1.0 gallon
(3.785 L) of liquid argon, find 1.000 in the column entitled
"Volume of Liquid at Normal Boiling Point." Reading
across the line under the column entitled "Volume of Gas at
70 °F and 1 atmosphere 14.7 psia," the value of 112.45 cubic
feet (3.184 m is found.
G101.2.2 Other quantities. If other quantities are of inter-
est, the numbers obtained can be multiplied or divided to
obtain the quantity of interest. For example, to determine the
number of cubic feet of argon gas contained in a volume of
1,000 gallons (3785 L) of liquid argon at its normal boiling
point, multiply 112.45 by 1,000 to obtain 112,450 cubic feet
(3184 m
2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE 409
APPENDIX G
TABLE G101.2
WEIGHT AND VOLUME EQUIVALENTS FOR COMMON CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
VOLUME OF LIQUID AT NORMAL
CRYOGENIC WEIGHT OF LIQUID OR GAS BOILING POINT VOLUME OF GAS AT NTP
FLUID Pounds Kilograms Liters Gallons Cubic feet Cubic meters
1.000 0.454 0.326 0.086 9.67 0.274
2.205 1.000 0.718 0.190 21.32 0.604
Argon 3.072 1.393 1.000 0.264 29.71 0.841
11.628 5.274 3.785 1.000 112.45 3.184
10.340 4.690 3.366 0.889 100.00 2.832
3.652 1.656 1.189 0.314 35.31 1.000
1.000 0.454 3.631 0.959 96.72 2.739
2.205 1.000 8.006 2.115 213.23 6.038
Helium 0.275 0.125 1.000 0.264 26.63 0.754
1.042 0.473 3.785 1.000 100.82 2.855
1.034 0.469 3.754 0.992 100.00 2.832
0.365 0.166 1.326 0.350 35.31 1.000
1.000 0.454 6.409 1.693 191.96 5.436
2.205 1.000 14.130 3.733 423.20 11.984
Hydrogen 0.156 0.071 1.000 0.264 29.95 0.848
0.591 0.268 3.785 1.000 113.37 3.210
0.521 0.236 3.339 0.882 100.00 2.832
0.184 0.083 1.179 0.311 35.31 1.000
1.000 0.454 0.397 0.105 12.00 0.342
2.205 1.000 0.876 0.231 26.62 0.754
Oxygen 2.517 1.142 1.000 0.264 30.39 0.861
9.527 4.321 3.785 1.000 115.05 3.250
8.281 3.756 3.290 0.869 100.00 2.832
2.924 1.327 1.162 0.307 35.31 1.000
1.000 0.454 0.561 0.148 13.80 0.391
2.205 1.000 1.237 0.327 30.43 0.862
Nitrogen 1.782 0.808 1.000 0.264 24.60 0.697
6.746 3.060 3.785 1.000 93.11 2.637
7.245 3.286 4.065 1.074 100.00 2.832
2.558 1.160 1.436 0.379 35.31 1.000
1.000 0.454 1.052 0.278 22.968 0.650
2.205 1.000 2.320 0.613 50.646 1.434
LNG' 0.951 0.431 1.000 0.264 21.812 0.618
3.600 1.633 3.785 1.000 82.62 2.340
4.356 1.976 4.580 1.210 100.00 2.832
11.501 5.217 1.616 0.427 35.31 1.000
For SI: 1 pound = 0.454 kg, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 m °C = [( °F)- 32]/1.8, 1 pound per square inch atmosphere = 6.895 kPa.
a. The values listed for liquefied natural gas (LNG) are "typical" values. LNG is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases, and no two LNG streams have exactly the same
composition.
410 2006 INTERNATIONAL FIRE CODE®